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Wa-alaikum-assalam. Dear Waqas, See the following link, for a very good explanation of phenomenon of shrinkage in concrete and the effect of shrinkage reinforcement on the behaviour of concrete in service: http://civilengineersforum.com/reinforcement-for-temperature-shrinkage/ Regards.

For lintel design, a triangular load distribution, with 60 degrees internal angle from lintel edges, may be assumed provided top corner of the triangle is also located within masonry. Otherwise lintlel will share the slabs loads as well. If I remember correctly, there is a lintel design example too, in reinforced concrete design book by Morgan. Governing principles & general methodology, along with design exmples should be available in your RC design text book. BTW... Which RC design code and text book are you following?

Dear Khurram, This type of beam is called coupling beam or link beam. These beams connects two legs of shear wall and transfer the shear fro one wall to another and make these shearwalls to act as one unit. if you increase the size then moment and shear will be increased. If l/h <4 then you need to design that beam as link beam and ACI 21.9.7 provides guidance how to design link beam. you need to provide diagonal bars to balance the shear force. You need to design as link beam. But if still you can not satisfy the demands then you can model this beam as simply supported beam and provide the reinforcement as simply supported beam. Actually the structure will behave as we want it to behave. If you provide the reinf. to be simply supported then in case of earthquake these beams will yield and transfer the shear and flexure to the adjacent walls. Secondly if you design these as link beams the only difference is these will dissipate some energy while in the previous case these will not dissipate energy. So you can design this beam as simply supported beam. Thanks Muneeb