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@AYESHA.. this was not constructed or design by us , its the work of Abid Welder, and i have to make this so called stairs safe for use and approval is to be taken from the abid welder like metality

All, It is a must have and must read. Please go through the attachment. Thanks. Soil Structure Interaction For Building Structures.pdf

One of the worst Emergency Exits that I have seen. What company do you work for?

Here are my two cents: Steel structures are comparatively easier to retrofit. However, you will have to determine - the locations where you need strengthening, - how much strengthening is required? - how this can be done? - whether it is economical (as compared to complete replacement)? , and - will the structure, in retrofitted form, be visually acceptable? This can be done by modelling the existing structure in ETABS or SAP2000 etc., using member section properties as per actual section sizes, and a suitable steel grade (using best and safe judgement, based on quality and physical condition observed at site). Apply all applicable code requirements (as per IBC, AISC, ASCE etc,) and observe stress levels of various members. Now, after saving the model with a new name, upgrade all the failing members with larger or alternate member sizes (to which these can be replaced or upgraded by structural additions/modifications). Comparing the results of the two structural models, mentioned above, will give you a clear idea about where the retrofitting is required, and to which extent. In case (after the above analysis, and working out relative costs), it is determined that retrofitting will be economical (rather than complete replacement) and visually acceptable as well, it (retrofitting) may involve replacement of or additions/ modification to various existing members. Required connections may be made using welding or bolting, whichever is appropriate. Regards.

You can apply for MEXT Scholarship, Fulbright, AIT and there are a few universities in Turkey. Thanks.

· Concept of structural stresses based on linear finite element method (FEM) If I understand it properly then you are seeking basic concepts, like how to calculate stresses by using FEA, For this you can read any basic book, university notes. For example, the book by Robert D Cook. Search in this forum you will find other related posts too. · Static assessment based on non-linear FEM · Fatigue assessment based on stress and strain calculations · Fracture mechanics to determine crack growth Rest of these topics are advance. And I have never worked in these areas. I am not sure whats your level in FEA but if you are a beginner then it should take a lot of time in the first step above before you can move on!