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Thanx for your kind response, for those who are following the post, i have figured out the problem and thought to share so that others may benefit from it. Actually the results that appear slight negative initially are due to the gravity analysis done before, as the load later increases with each time step the lateral force on frame increases leading to positive shears in cols.

use PEER NGA website to extract groundmotions data..

I had a wonderful experience doing forex which I later quit. I am not into stocks but I think the same rules will apply here; 1. The most important thing is to 'be patient'. And by this I mean really be patient. Its a game of nerves. 95% people in forex lose because they are impatient. 2. Always be up to date with latest trends and news, i mean on daily basis. Don't just buy and then sleep. Get familiar with different types of predictors, study the mathematics behind different charts such as Fibonacci retracement. 3. Mix the risk levels. Don't just play only on high risk deals. Now coming back to your question. The minimum investment depends on your goals. Short term or long-term? Risk level: low-risk or high-risk? You wanna make quick profits on the go or really want to be a sustained player? I dont think there is leverage system in stocks as in forex. So i guess anything less than 200k pkr wouldnt yield much. Again it depends on your budget and the strategy. But one caution: Think big, start small. I remember in forex there were virtual accounts to practice for atleast 6 months before investing a considerable amount. See if this is the case in stocks too? Depends on the broker. Even if not, study the market daily thinking like you are actually investing. The thing with forex and stock trading is: if you cannot manage 1$, you cannot manage 1million$. So practice lets say by assuming you have invested 10,000 pkr and then stick to the strategy and see where the market swings. Once you have tested your strategy which ofcourse you have altered time to time based on your learning, start doing investment with real money. One thing good is you are thinking at this stage to make some passive income. Thats brilliant idea. May be you should read "Rich dad, poor dad" book, it will help. Another book i'd recommend is "4 hours work week". They wont teach you about stocks, but will definitely teach you about the ideas of passive income and work-life culture. And lastly, you should constantly input more money every month or year, just compare in excel the compound interest (or profit) graphs. Don't just assume you will put some money and will gain on profits and re-investment. Good but also explore the power if you constantly flowing more money into your investments. Good luck!

I haven't read the book by Susil Kumar, but the reason I think that he has an empirical formula is that with the increase in length of the beam, the amount of reinforcement in it would increase as well. Although there are other factors that are more sensitive to causing increase in reinforcement like load intensity but lets focus on span and reinforcement . Naturally a longer span would require more rebars and more rebars would require a wider beam. For the typical design cases we see in Bangladesh and Pakistan where there is a slab on top of beams, lateral stability can be ruled out because of beam top stability due to slab. I think the important item to highlight here is that if your beam is part of a frame, make sure the width of the beam is wide enough to provide enough development length to other frame beams that cross or terminate together with the beam in question. In order to understand my statement, please visualize edge of the frame where 2 beams meet. If the beam in question in not wide enough, the beam merging in this beam would never get enough length to develop top bars. Hope this helps.

Very nice. Well...following are excepts from my thesis; You can use following databases that my instructor recommended; "6- I suggest that you model using time history analysis. There is different data banks where you can look for low frequency ground motions/earthquakes. Take a look into the following websites: a. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/nsmp/data.php b. http://strongmotioncenter.org/cgi-bin/CESMD/search1.pl in the second website you will find a lot of datasets recorded from different earthquakes. I suggest you spend some time until you understand the structure of these websites and the data available there so that you can choose a number of earthquakes that you could use in your studies."

Hello Everyone, Here is a list of new features in the upcoming update: Updates to Editor ( @EngrUzair might like this one ) Fluid Forum View ( @Rana check this out) Reactions Recommended Replies (Moderator Related Stuff) Content Messages (Moderator Related Stuff) Leaderboard Enhancement Richer Embeds Forcing Members to Complete Profile Improvements to Social Sign In Clubs (Clubs will allow forum members to create their own groups in the forum and discuss things other than structural engineering) I am very excited about all these improvements. Stay tuned for more. This update is expected to roll out in summer. Thanks.

Wa-alaikum-assalam, Following links may be helpful, in this connection: 1. External features of the Faisal Mosque (http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/321S-1.pdf) 2. Internal features (http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/321S-3.pdf) 3. Decorative elements (http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/321S-4.pdf) Regards.

Dear colleagues, The following article describes some of the most common errors, we may make while carrying out seismic design in accordance with ASCE 7-10 and IBC 2012. It also guides us how to avoid these errors in our future designs. http://www.structuremag.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/C-StrucPerform-Heausler-Sept151.pdf A somewhat different version of above article, is available at the following link: http://seaoo.org/downloads/NCSEA_Conf_Info/2014_ncsea_common_errors_in_seismic_design___how_to_avoid_them._t._heausler.pdf Regards.