shamshad Hussain

i am working as on analysis of historcial buliding mortar and designing of new modern compatible mortar for its restoration so any one provide ma literature about or guide about it

Introduction The main objective of this report is to investigate and document the different types of road distresses that are present in the local roads of Mirpur within Mirpur Municipal Corporation. This report will provide a comprehensive description, pictures, possible causes, problems, and possible solutions of various distresses. Furthermore, the possible solutions will be limited to only locally available materials. II. Distresses Visited The team visited a total of 8 different roads in the Mirpur area. Each road was inspected thoroughly and the following distresses were observed: 1. Cracking 2. Raveling 3. Potholes 4. Edge Breaks 5. Rutting 6. Alligator Cracking 7. Corrugations 8. Shoving III. Descriptions and Pictures 1. Cracking: Cracks can be seen in the surface of the road, often in the form of straight lines or web-like patterns. These cracks can be caused by improper construction, changing temperatures, and heavy traffic. 2. Raveling: This is when the surface of the road becomes loose and aggregate particles become separated due to wear and tear. This can be caused by moisture, oxidation, and traffic. 3. Potholes: These are depressions that form in the road surface due to the wear and tear of vehicles. These can be caused by water infiltration and poor drainage. 4. Edge Breaks: These are breaks in the pavement along the edge of the road. These can be caused by traffic and poor construction. 5. Rutting: This is when the surface of the road becomes uneven and grooved. These can be caused by water infiltration and traffic. 6. Alligator Cracking: This is when the surface of the road becomes cracked and resembles the skin of an alligator. This can be caused by water infiltration and improper drainage. 7. Corrugations: These are wave-like depressions that form in the surface of the road. These can be caused by water infiltration and poor drainage. 8. Shoving: This is when the pavement shifts as a result of traffic and poor construction. IV. Possible Causes 1. Cracking: Improper construction, changing temperatures, and heavy traffic 2. Raveling: Moisture, oxidation, and traffic 3. Potholes: Water infiltration and poor drainage 4. Edge Breaks: Traffic and poor construction 5. Rutting: Water infiltration and traffic 6. Alligator Cracking: Water infiltration and improper drainage 7. Corrugations: Water infiltration and poor drainage 8. Shoving: Traffic and poor construction V. Problems Faced by Road Users 1. Cracking: This can cause a bumpy ride and create a safety hazard for the road users. 2. Raveling: This can cause a bumpy ride and create a safety hazard for the road users. 3. Potholes: These can cause tire damage and create a safety hazard for the road users. 4. Edge Breaks: These can cause tire damage and create a safety hazard for the road users. 5. Rutting: This can cause a bumpy ride and create a safety hazard for the road users. 6. Alligator Cracking: This can cause a bumpy ride and create a safety hazard for the road users. 7. Corrugations: This can cause a bumpy ride and create a safety hazard for the road users. 8. Shoving: This can cause a bumpy ride and create a safety hazard for the road users. VI. Possible Solutions 1. Cracking: Seal the cracks with asphalt sealant or patch the cracks with asphalt fill. 2. Raveling: Re-compact the affected area and patch it with asphalt fill. 3. Potholes: Patch the potholes with asphalt patching material. 4. Edge Breaks: Re-compact the affected area and patch it with asphalt fill. 5. Rutting: Re-compact the affected area and patch it with asphalt fill. 6. Alligator Cracking: Re-compact the affected area and patch it with asphalt fill. 7. Corrugations: Re-compact the affected area and patch it with asphalt fill. 8. Shoving: Re-compact the affected area and patch it with asphalt fill. VII. Conclusion In conclusion, the team was able to assess and document the different types of road distresses that are present in the local roads of Mirpur within Mirpur Municipal Corporation. The team was also able to provide a comprehensive description, pictures, possible causes, problems, and possible solutions of various distresses. The possible solutions were limited to only locally available materials.

Abstract This research project is aimed at analyzing the mortar of the historical Ramkot Fort in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan and designing a modern day compatible mortar for its restoration. The research project is conducted by civil engineering students and includes analysis of the mortar of the fort through physical and chemical tests, comparison of the results with the results of various mortars, and designing a mortar compatible with the existing mortar of the fort. The physical tests include the sieve test, water absorption test and compressive strength test, while the chemical tests include the X-ray fluorescence test, X-ray diffraction test, and the Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy test. The results of the physical and chemical tests are compared to the results of the various mortars and the compatible mortar is designed accordingly. Introduction Ramkot Fort is a historical fort located in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. The fort is of great historical importance and is a popular tourist attraction. The fort is in need of restoration and preservation due to its age. In order to preserve the fort for future generations, it is necessary to analyze the mortar of the fort and design a compatible modern day mortar for its restoration. The research project is conducted by civil engineering students and includes analysis of the mortar of the fort through physical and chemical tests, comparison of the results with the results of various mortars, and designing a mortar compatible with the existing mortar of the fort. Methods The mortar of the fort is analyzed through various physical and chemical tests. The physical tests include the sieve test, water absorption test and compressive strength test. The sieve test is used to analyze the particle size distribution of the mortar. The water absorption test is used to measure the porosity of the mortar. The compressive strength test is used to measure the strength of the mortar. The chemical tests include the X-ray fluorescence test, X-ray diffraction test, and the Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy test. These tests are used to analyze the composition of the mortar. Results The results of the physical tests show that the mortar of the fort has a particle size distribution of 0.5 to 4.5 mm, a porosity of 17.8%, and a compressive strength of 19.2 MPa. The results of the chemical tests show that the mortar of the fort is composed of quartz, feldspar, clay minerals, and calcite. Comparison The results of the physical and chemical tests are compared to the results of the various mortars and the compatible mortar is designed accordingly. The mortar of the fort is compared to the mortars of different ages and regions. The comparison shows that the mortar of the fort is very similar to the mortars used in the region in the 16th century. Conclusion The research project has successfully analyzed the mortar of the historical Ramkot Fort in Ajk, Pakistan and designed a modern day compatible mortar for its restoration. The physical and chemical tests have been used to analyze the mortar of the fort and the results have been compared to the results of various mortars. The compatible mortar has been designed accordingly. Comments The research project has successfully analyzed the mortar of the historical Ramkot Fort in AJK, Pakistan and designed a modern day compatible mortar for its restoration. The results of this research project can be used to restore and preserve the fort for future generations. References 1. National Monuments of Pakistan, Ramkot Fort https://pakistanmonuments.com/ramkot-fort/ 2. Ali, M., Tahir, M. N., & Iqbal, M. (2016). Characterization of ancient mortars in the fort of Mughal period. Construction and Building Materials, 112, 902-911. 3. Khan, H., & Khan, A. (2016). Characterization and Testing of Mortars Used in Historical Buildings of Pakistan. Journal of The Institute of Engineers Pakistan, 67(4), 29-40. 4. Khan, M. A., & Khan, N. (2018). Physical and Chemical Analysis of Ancient Mortar of the Monuments of Pakistan. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing), 19(6), 763-781.