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Hello, One question regarding Collector elements. The code specifies that we need collector elements to transmit the lateral loads from the diaphragm to shear walls or vertical elements.True, but there are cases where we have a flat slab or due to architectural limitations cannot provide beams or collectors in that region. How are lateral forces transmitted in such cases. Where there are no collector elements the lateral forces are not transmitted to vertical elements effectively. Or we have another solution apart from Collectors to transmit the lateral forces from diaphragm to vertical elements. Thanks.

Assalam o alaikum, i m confused whether collectors and chords are only required in Flat plates/slabs or also required in beam slabs? because in beam slab we are having beams at perimeter of every panel and they can act as chords and for diaphragm bending and as collectors at junction of slab to shear wall. Usually, in seismic zone 4, i dont design diaphragm exclusively. i just design it as simple slab and design my beams in SMRF or Dual Frame in etabs. Also i m confused in excerpt from a document stating The Special Seismic Load combination is also indirectly identified in Chapter 18, Section 1809, Foundation Construction – Seismic Zones 3 and 4. 1809.3 Superstructure-to-Foundation Connection. The connection of superstructure elements to the foundation shall be adequate to transmit to the foundation the forces for which the elements were required to be designed. For instance, since Section 2213.5 Column Requirements specifically identifies the Ω0 factor, Section 1809.3 requires the column-to-foundation connection to be designed for a load combination which includes the Ω0 factor. What does it mean? In seismic zone 3 or 4, we need to design foundations for special seismic combos ALWAYS or only if we r having discontinuous system? The full document is also attached. Thanks. OmegaFactorDiscussion.pdf